Scale

Six Links to Ruin

Six handshakes separate any two people on Earth, and the same short paths route shocks through markets, grids, and food webs

6

Average degrees of separation between any two people on

Game-theoretic models and Twitter and Facebook data confirm that no matter how massive a network grows, equilibrium pulls its diameter down to roughly six hops. Efficiency for connection is also efficiency for contagion.

In perspective
Average degrees of s...
6
E-Mini S&P 500 price drop in minutes,
55%
Probability of large cascade from one
56%
Secondary extinctions after 40% primary
40%
Node failure fraction that triggers
3.69%

Small-world topology is a double-edged design: the same logarithmic short paths that make networks fast and cheap to traverse guarantee that any local shock is at most a handful of hops from everyone else.

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Photo by Magda Ehlers / Pexels

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